m*ZdDF & 0U63 P Z$a8 z     X  8$T"subnet.dat!:\System\Apps\Subnet\Subnet.hlpSubNet.ico!:\System\Apps\Subnet\Subnet.icoSubNet.mbm!:\System\Apps\Subnet\Subnet.mbmSubNet.ini!:\System\Apps\Subnet\Subnet.iniSubNet.aif!:\System\Apps\Subnet\Subnet.aifSubnet.app!:\System\Apps\Subnet\Subnet.appSubnet CalculatorPmU65 @ @"Data.app!@.17 AIf you enter a number of hosts you require on your network, the program will round up the number of hosts to the next highest subnet in order to allow for the required number to be accomodated.Due to a limitation in the current version of the program, the maximum number of hosts allowed is 65534 - if you should require this progran to calculate for more than this, please email me.AWhen entering an IP address, the program does a check for validity. If the address you have entered is less than 0 or greater than 255, in any octet, an error message will be displayed.There is no validity check done on the class of the address you have entered - if you want to design a network, and choose a range of IP addresses which are "illegal", far be it from me to stop you.@ A@PCUC^@iTable1 ColA4ColB4ColA5ColB5ColA6ColB6 Index1ColA4@7NAThis program was written originally for the Psion Series 5, and the Revo section has since been added. Should you have any queries or comments about this software, find any bugs, or have vast amounts of spare cash you wish to get rid of, I'd be only too pleased to hear from you.Email me: John Wilson john@wilsonjo.demon.co.uk. @6 ou.XInternet addresses are 32-bit numbers, normally written as 4 octets (in decimal), e.g. 128.6.4.7. There are actually 3 different types of address. The problem is that the address has to indicate both the network and the host within the network. It was felt that eventually there would be lots of networks. Many of them would be small, but probably 24 bits would be needed to represent all the IP networks. It was also felt that some very big networks might need 24 bits to represent all of their hosts. This would seem to lead to 48 bit addresses. But the designers really wanted to use 32 bit addresses. So they adopted a kludge. The assumption is that most of the networks will be small. So they set up three different ranges of address. Addresses beginning with 1 to 126 use only the first octet for the network number. The other three octets are available for the host number. Thus 24 bits are available for hosts. These numbers are used for large networks. But there can only be 126 of these very big networks. The Arpanet is one, and there are a few large commercial networks. But few normal organizations get one of these "class A" addresses. For normal large organizations, "class B" addresses are used. Class B addresses use the first two octets for the network number. Thus network numbers are 128.1 through 191.254. (We avoid 0 and 255, for reasons that we see below. We also avoid addresses beginning with 127, because that is used by some systems for special purposes.) The last two octets are available for host addesses, giving 16 bits of host address. This allows for 64516 computers, which should be enough for most organizations. (It is possible to get more than one class B address, if you run out.) Finally, class C addresses use three octets, in the range 192.1.1 to 223.254.254. These allow only 254 hosts on each network, but there can be lots of these networks. Addresses above 223 are reserved for future use, as class D and E (which are currently not defined). Many large organizations find it convenient to divide their network number into "subnets". For example, Rutgers has been assigned a class B address, 128.6. We find it convenient to use the third octet of the address to indicate which Ethernet a host is on. This division has no significance outside of Rutgers. A computer at another institution would treat all datagrams addressed to 128.6 the same way. They would not look at the third octet of the address. Thus computers outside Rutgers would not have different routes for 128.6.4 or 128.6.5. But inside Rutgers, we treat 128.6.4 and 128.6.5 as separate networks. In effect, gateways inside Rutgers have separate entries for each Rutgers subnet, whereas gateways outside Rutgers just have one entry for 128.6. Note that we could do exactly the same thing by using a separate class C address for each Ethernet. As far as Rutgers is concerned, it would be just as convenient for us to have a number of class C addresses. However using class C addresses would make things inconvenient for the rest of the world. Every institution that wanted to talk to us would have to have a separate entry for each one of our networks. If every institution did this, there would be far too many networks for any reasonable gateway to keep track of. By subdividing a class B network, we hide our internal structure from everyone else, and save them trouble. This subnet strategy requires special provisions in the network software. It is described in RFC 950. 0 and 255 have special meanings. 0 is reserved for machines that don't know their address. In certain circumstances it is possible for a machine not to know the number of the network it is on, or even its own host address. For example, 0.0.0.23 would be a machine that knew it was host number 23, but didn't know on what network. 255 is used for "broadcast". A broadcast is a message that you want every system on the network to see. Broadcasts are used in some situations where you don't know who to talk to. For example, suppose you need to look up a host name and get its Internet address. Sometimes you don't know the address of the nearest name server. In that case, you might send the request as a broadcast. There are also cases where a number of systems are interested in information. It is then less expensive to send a single broadcast than to send datagrams individually to each host that is interested in the information. In order to send a broadcast, you use an address that is made by using your network address, with all ones in the part of the address where the host number goes. For example, if you are on network 128.6.4, you would use 128.6.4.255 for broadcasts. How this is actually implemented depends upon the medium. It is not possible to send broadcasts on the Arpanet, or on point to point lines. However it is possible on an Ethernet. If you use an Ethernet address with all its bits on (all ones), every machine on the Ethernet is supposed to look at that datagram. Although the official broadcast address for network 128.6.4 is now 128.6.4.255, there are some other addresses that may be treated as broadcasts by certain implementations. For convenience, the standard also allows 255.255.255.255 to be used. This refers to all hosts on the local network. It is often simpler to use 255.255.255.255 instead of finding out the network number for the local network and forming a broadcast address such as 128.6.4.255. In addition, certain older implementations may use 0 instead of 255 to form the broadcast address. Such implementations would use 128.6.4.0 instead of 128.6.4.255 as the broadcast address on network 128.6.4. Finally, certain older implementations may not understand about subnets. Thus they consider the network number to be 128.6. In that case, they will assume a broadcast address of 128.6.255.255 or 128.6.0.0. Until support for broadcasts is implemented properly, it can be a somewhat dangerous feature to use. Because 0 and 255 are used for unknown and broadcast addresses, normal hosts should never be given addresses containing 0 or 255. Addresses should never begin with 0, 127, or any number above 223. Addresses violating these rules are sometimes referred to as "Martians", because of rumors that the Central University of Mars is using network 225.  Steven E. Newton / / 1-20-94B5A2N4R1S0T3T@Table1Titled&Help textd"Keywordsd@OOOO'! "Arial$#O1! "Times New Roman$#ONPrivate Address SpaceThe Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of the IP address space for private internets:10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 Private127.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255 Loopback172.16.0.0 -172.31.255.255 Private192.0.0.0 - 192.0.0.255 Reserved192.0.1.0 - 192.0.1.255 Backbone-Test-C192.0.2.0 - 192.0.2.255 Internet-Test-C192.0.3.0 - 192.0.255.255 Unassigned192.1.0.0 - 192.1.1.255 Backbone Local Nets192.1.2.0 - 192.1.2.255 Backbone Fibre Nets192.1.3.0 - 192.1.3.255 Backbone Apollo Nets192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 PrivateWe will refer to the first block as "24-bit block", the second as "20-bit block", and to the third as "16-bit" block. Note that (in pre-CIDR notation) the first block is nothing but a single class A network number, while the second block is a set of 16 contiguous class B network numbers, and third block is a set of 256 contiguous class C network numbers.An enterprise that decides to use IP addresses out of the address space defined in this document can do so without any coordination with IANA or an Internet registry. The address space can thus be used by many enterprises. Addresses within this private address space will only be unique within the enterprise, or the set of enterprises which choose to cooperate over this space so they may communicate with each other in their own private internet.As before, any enterprise that needs globally unique address space is required to obtain such addresses from an Internet registry. An enterprise that requests IP addresses for its external connectivity will never be assigned addresses from the blocks defined above.In order to use private address space, an enterprise needs to determine which hosts do not need to have network layer connectivity outside the enterprise in the foreseeable future and thus could be classified as private. Such hosts will use the private address space defined above. Private hosts can communicate with all other hosts inside the enterprise, both public and private. However, they cannot have IP connectivity to any host outside of the enterprise. While not having external (outside of the enterprise) IP connectivity private hosts can still have access to external services via mediating gateways (e.g., application layer gateways).All other hosts will be public and will use globally unique address space assigned by an Internet Registry. Public hosts can communicate with other hosts inside the enterprise both public and private and can have IP connectivity to public hosts outside the enterprise. Public hosts do not have connectivity to private hosts of other enterprises.Moving a host from private to public or vice versa involves a change of IP address, changes to the appropriate DNS entries, and changes to configuration files on other hosts that reference the host by IP address.Because private addresses have no global meaning, routing information about private networks shall not be propagated on inter-enterprise links, and packets with private source or destination addresses should not be forwarded across such links. Routers in networks not using private address space, especially those of Internet service providers, are expected to be configured to reject (filter out) routing information about private networks. If such a router receives such information the rejection shall not be treated as a routing protocol error.Indirect references to such addresses should be contained within the enterprise. Prominent examples of such references are DNS Resource Records and other information referring to internal private addresses. In particular, Internet service providers should take measures to prevent such leakage. RFC 19183A "Arial  "Arial!"%$!((%,,-&e [%( "ArialnD?MAQeTCP/IP Addresses \ "Arial "ArialADDRESS, OCTET, VALIDITY Subnet maskuThis program will only allow valid subnet masks. 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